LANGUAGE
From written signs to everyday conversation.
Mandarin Chinese / Taiwan
Bopomofo / Zhuyin
注音符號A set of phonetic symbols used to show Mandarin pronunciation. Syllables are assembled from an initial, a medial or final, and a tone.
The first version was created in 1913 and released in 1918. It remains a practical reading, dictionary, and keyboard tool in Taiwan.
- SYMBOLS
- 37
- TONES
- 5
- ALSO CALLED
- Zhuyin / Zhuyin Fuhao
Initials
21Medials
3Finals
13Tones
5PUBLISHED · FOUNDATION 01 · 15 SEPTEMBER 2026
Turkish: start here
Latin; distinguish ı/i and I/İ, plus ç ğ ö ş ü.
Track direction: Vowel harmony and suffix chains.
Published below: one grammar rule, worked example, exercise with an answer, introductory words and expressions. Planned next: sound contrasts, wider grammar and guided reading/listening. This is the start of the course.
TURKISH / FOUNDATION 01
Türkçe
Vowel harmony and suffix chains.
The words for everyday life.
Find a situation, read the phrase, or show the native text. Learn common replies as well as questions.
Pronunciation & how to use these phrases
Latin; distinguish ı/i and I/İ, plus ç ğ ö ş ü. Device speech, when available, is only a model for that installed voice; historical and unsupported varieties have no automatic voice here.
Published: a first rule with a worked example and answer, introductory vocabulary, and basic expressions. Next: sound contrasts → inflection and sentence patterns → connected reading/listening → independent use. Siz is plural and also respectful singular; sen is familiar singular. Do not confuse the dotless ı with an English i when typing or reading.
6 phrases
Basics & communication
Further reading & cultural sources
Vowel harmony and suffix chains.
The productive plural suffix is -lar after a back vowel (a ı o u), -ler after a front vowel (e i ö ü). Use the last vowel for these ordinary examples. After a cardinal numeral, the counted noun normally stays singular.
ev → evler; kitap → kitaplar; iki kitaphouse → houses; book → books; two books
Explain why the answer follows the rule. Then return to the example and identify the unchanged part. This first unit is published; the full grammar sequence remains in development.
Try it yourself
1 / 1 · 0 correctApply the rule.
ev + plural = ___
All words · vocabulary quiz
1 / 6 · 0 correctChoose the English meaning.
su
suwater
suwater
evhouse
evhouse
kitapbook
kitapbook
ikitwo
ikitwo
evetyes
evetyes
hayırno
hayırno
Between the words
Siz is plural and also respectful singular; sen is familiar singular. Do not confuse the dotless ı with an English i when typing or reading.
Merhaba.
HelloSiz is plural and also respectful singular; sen is familiar singular. Do not confuse the dotless ı with an English i when typing or reading.
Merhaba.
A short foundation is not a complete conversation course. Follow the named language variety and source recordings.
Read the situation
1 / 1 · 0 correctRecall the first expression or reading form.
Practice scores last for this visit.Turkish audio is unavailable on this device. All exercises work without audio.