LANGUAGE
From written signs to everyday conversation.
Mandarin Chinese / Taiwan
Bopomofo / Zhuyin
注音符號A set of phonetic symbols used to show Mandarin pronunciation. Syllables are assembled from an initial, a medial or final, and a tone.
The first version was created in 1913 and released in 1918. It remains a practical reading, dictionary, and keyboard tool in Taiwan.
- SYMBOLS
- 37
- TONES
- 5
- ALSO CALLED
- Zhuyin / Zhuyin Fuhao
Initials
21Medials
3Finals
13Tones
5POLISH / FOUNDATIONS
Polski
Start with the words you need.
Build your own sentences.
The words for everyday life.
Find a situation, read the phrase, or show the native text. Learn common replies as well as questions.
Pronunciation & how to use these phrases
Start with the writing charts, then listen to complete words. Device speech depends on installed voices and may use a different regional accent. Spelling and sound do not match one-to-one.
Polish spelling distinguishes sz, ś, cz, ć, ż and ź. ł is usually like English w; do not read it as ordinary l. Learning path: recognise words and phrases → build simple sentences → practise questions and replies → expand tense and connected speech → read and discuss longer texts. These foundation lessons are available now; later stages will grow with the collection.
24 phrases
Basics
Communication
Bathrooms
Food & ordering
Shops & payment
Taxi & transport
Airport
Help
Listen for
Reply
Hotels
POLISH / GRAMMAR REFERENCE
8 chaptersForms, rules & structure
Standard Polish; the masculine-personal distinction matters especially in the plural.
Grammar terminology
- Noun
- A word used to name or classify an entity: person, place, object, substance, idea.
- Adjective
- A word that describes a property; its form and position depend on the language.
- Pronoun
- A form used to refer to a participant or entity without repeating a full noun phrase.
- Determiner
- A word such as an article, demonstrative or possessive that helps specify a noun phrase.
- Verb
- A word heading a predicate, often describing an action, event or state.
- Conjugation
- A pattern of verb forms expressing grammatical distinctions such as person, tense or mood.
- Declension
- A pattern of noun, pronoun or adjective forms, often marking case, number and gender.
- Case
- A distinction marking a noun phrase’s grammatical role or its relationship to a governing word.
- Gender
- A grammatical classification of nouns; it need not match sex or have a transparent meaning.
- Agreement
- A form changes to match features of another expression, such as person, number, gender or case.
- Tense
- A grammatical way of locating a situation relative to a time of reference.
- Aspect
- How a situation is viewed: for example ongoing, habitual, completed or prior to a reference point.
- Mood
- A grammatical distinction associated with assertion, possibility, commands, wishes or other clause functions.
- Finite form
- A verb form that can serve as a clause’s main inflected verb, contrasting with infinitives and participles. The precise criteria vary by language.
- Participle
- A verb-derived form used in constructions such as modifiers, compound tenses or passives; its roles vary by language.
- Infinitive
- A nonfinite verb form in languages that have one; it is not automatically equivalent to English “to + verb”.
- Subject / object
- Grammatical relations in a clause, not universal synonyms for “doer” and “receiver”.
- Clitic
- A short grammatical form that depends phonologically on a neighboring word.
- Transitive
- Describes a verb construction that takes a direct object.
- Register
- A variety of expression associated with context, relationship or level of formality.
Nouns, gender & plural classes
- Nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter. Masculine animacy and personhood affect agreement and accusative patterns. There are no a/the articles.
- Many feminine nouns end in -a, neuters in -o/-e, and masculines in a consonant, but exceptions are common.
| Class | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| masculine inanimate | dom | domy |
| masculine personal | student | studenci |
| feminine | kobieta | kobiety |
| neuter | okno | okna |
| irregular | dziecko | dzieci |
Worked examples
To jest nowy dom.
This is a/the new house.
How it works: Nowy agrees with masculine dom; definiteness is inferred from context.
Negation
Nie precedes the verb. Negated direct objects often use the genitive; learn whole patterns first.
Nie rozumiem.I do not understand.
Read the model, complete the gap, then change one word and explain what changes.
Try it yourself
1 / 1 · 0 correctComplete the model using the rule.
___ rozumiem.
All words · vocabulary quiz
1 / 20 · 0 correctChoose the English meaning.
woda
wodawater
wodawater
jedzeniefood
jedzeniefood
mlekomilk
mlekomilk
chlebbread
chlebbread
kawacoffee
kawacoffee
herbatatea
herbatatea
ryżrice
ryżrice
toaletabathroom
toaletabathroom
lotniskoairport
lotniskoairport
dworzecstation
dworzecstation
biletticket
biletticket
wyjścieexit
wyjścieexit
lewoleft
lewoleft
praworight
praworight
dzisiajtoday
dzisiajtoday
jutrotomorrow
jutrotomorrow
jedenone
jedenone
dwatwo
dwatwo
trzythree
trzythree
pomochelp
pomochelp
Between the words
Pan/pani and third-person verbs are common in polite address. These basics use proszę to avoid guessing a person’s title.
Dzień dobry.
Forms show relationshipsPan/pani and third-person verbs are common in polite address. These basics use proszę to avoid guessing a person’s title.
Dzień dobry.
Polish spelling distinguishes sz, ś, cz, ć, ż and ź. ł is usually like English w; do not read it as ordinary l.
Read the situation
1 / 1 · 0 correctRecall the opening greeting from this collection.
Practice scores last for this visit.Polish audio is unavailable on this device. All exercises work without audio.