LANGUAGE
From written signs to everyday conversation.
Mandarin Chinese / Taiwan
Bopomofo / Zhuyin
注音符號A set of phonetic symbols used to show Mandarin pronunciation. Syllables are assembled from an initial, a medial or final, and a tone.
The first version was created in 1913 and released in 1918. It remains a practical reading, dictionary, and keyboard tool in Taiwan.
- SYMBOLS
- 37
- TONES
- 5
- ALSO CALLED
- Zhuyin / Zhuyin Fuhao
Initials
21Medials
3Finals
13Tones
5INDONESIAN / FOUNDATIONS
Bahasa Indonesia
Start with the words you need.
Build your own sentences.
The words for everyday life.
Find a situation, read the phrase, or show the native text. Learn common replies as well as questions.
Pronunciation & how to use these phrases
Start with the writing charts, then listen to complete words. Device speech depends on installed voices and may use a different regional accent. Spelling and sound do not match one-to-one.
Air means water, not English air. Air putih is plain drinking water. Indonesian is shared nationally alongside many local languages. Learning path: recognise words and phrases → build simple sentences → practise questions and replies → expand tense and connected speech → read and discuss longer texts. These foundation lessons are available now; later stages will grow with the collection.
24 phrases
Basics
Communication
Bathrooms
Food & ordering
Shops & payment
Taxi & transport
Airport
Help
Listen for
Reply
Hotels
INDONESIAN / GRAMMAR REFERENCE
8 chaptersForms, rules & structure
Standard Indonesian with common conversational contrasts. Formal affixes may be reduced or replaced in colloquial varieties.
Grammar terminology
- Noun
- A word used to name or classify an entity: person, place, object, substance, idea.
- Adjective
- A word that describes a property; its form and position depend on the language.
- Pronoun
- A form used to refer to a participant or entity without repeating a full noun phrase.
- Determiner
- A word such as an article, demonstrative or possessive that helps specify a noun phrase.
- Verb
- A word heading a predicate, often describing an action, event or state.
- Conjugation
- A pattern of verb forms expressing grammatical distinctions such as person, tense or mood.
- Declension
- A pattern of noun, pronoun or adjective forms, often marking case, number and gender.
- Case
- A distinction marking a noun phrase’s grammatical role or its relationship to a governing word.
- Gender
- A grammatical classification of nouns; it need not match sex or have a transparent meaning.
- Agreement
- A form changes to match features of another expression, such as person, number, gender or case.
- Tense
- A grammatical way of locating a situation relative to a time of reference.
- Aspect
- How a situation is viewed: for example ongoing, habitual, completed or prior to a reference point.
- Mood
- A grammatical distinction associated with assertion, possibility, commands, wishes or other clause functions.
- Finite form
- A verb form that can serve as a clause’s main inflected verb, contrasting with infinitives and participles. The precise criteria vary by language.
- Participle
- A verb-derived form used in constructions such as modifiers, compound tenses or passives; its roles vary by language.
- Infinitive
- A nonfinite verb form in languages that have one; it is not automatically equivalent to English “to + verb”.
- Subject / object
- Grammatical relations in a clause, not universal synonyms for “doer” and “receiver”.
- Clitic
- A short grammatical form that depends phonologically on a neighboring word.
- Transitive
- Describes a verb construction that takes a direct object.
- Register
- A variety of expression associated with context, relationship or level of formality.
Nouns, number & definiteness
- Indonesian nouns do not inflect for grammatical gender or case, and number is often supplied by context or a numeral.
- Reduplication can mark plurality or a lexicalized meaning, but is not required after every numeral. Ini/itu normally follow a noun phrase to indicate this/that or identifiable reference.
| Construction | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| bare noun | buku | book / books |
| explicit count | dua buku | two books |
| reduplication | buku-buku | books |
| demonstrative | buku ini | this book |
| classifier | dua orang guru | two teachers |
Worked examples
Saya membeli dua buku itu.
I bought / am buying those two books.
How it works: Dua states the number, itu identifies the set, and buku remains unreduplicated.
Pronouns
Saya is a broadly polite I. Verbs do not conjugate to match person or tense.
Saya tidak mengerti.I do not understand.
Read the model, complete the gap, then change one word and explain what changes.
Try it yourself
1 / 1 · 0 correctComplete the model using the rule.
___ tidak mengerti.
All words · vocabulary quiz
1 / 20 · 0 correctChoose the English meaning.
air
airwater
airwater
makananfood
makananfood
susumilk
susumilk
rotibread
rotibread
kopicoffee
kopicoffee
tehtea
tehtea
nasirice
nasirice
toiletbathroom
toiletbathroom
bandaraairport
bandaraairport
stasiunstation
stasiunstation
tiketticket
tiketticket
pintu keluarexit
pintu keluarexit
kirileft
kirileft
kananright
kananright
hari initoday
hari initoday
besoktomorrow
besoktomorrow
satuone
satuone
duatwo
duatwo
tigathree
tigathree
bantuanhelp
bantuanhelp
Between the words
Saya is a broadly useful polite I; aku is more personal. Bapak/Ibu are respectful address terms, often shortened to Pak/Bu.
Halo.
Formal and conversational speechSaya is a broadly useful polite I; aku is more personal. Bapak/Ibu are respectful address terms, often shortened to Pak/Bu.
Halo.
Air means water, not English air. Air putih is plain drinking water. Indonesian is shared nationally alongside many local languages.
Read the situation
1 / 1 · 0 correctRecall the opening greeting from this collection.
Practice scores last for this visit.Indonesian audio is unavailable on this device. All exercises work without audio.