LANGUAGE
From written signs to everyday conversation.
Coptic · core letter recognition
ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ24 Greek-derived lower-case letters and seven familiar Egyptian extensions. ϧ is particularly associated with Bohairic; Sahidic does not use the same full inventory. Letter sounds must be tied to a dialect and reading tradition.
Coptic script writes Egyptian. Similar-looking Greek letters do not make a Coptic sentence Greek. The current language foundation is Sahidic.
- recognition cards
- 31
- scope
- Letters, not a full sound course
Signs
31Nederlands
Build a sentence. Find the words.
Learn what people mean.
The words for everyday life.
Find a situation, read the phrase, or show the native text. Learn common replies as well as questions.
Pronunciation & how to use these phrases
Dutch g/ch often have a throaty fricative sound. J sounds like English y; oe is like oo; ui has no exact English equivalent. Vowel length and spelling matter: man and maan are different words. Dutch ij and ei generally share a sound. Use a Dutch device voice where available, and learn articles together with nouns.
These phrases favour Netherlands usage and polite u forms. Word order changes in questions; nouns in the vocabulary deck include de/het where useful. In a sentence, a pointing word such as deze or dit depends on the noun and context.
84 phrases
Basics
Communication
Bathrooms
Food & ordering
Shops & convenience stores
Money & payment
Taxis & transit
Airport
Accommodation
Directions & time
Help & problems
Phone & internet
Replies & signs
Forms, rules & structure
Standard Dutch; gender pronouns and some usage differ between the Netherlands and Belgium.
Grammar terminology
- Noun
- A word used to name or classify an entity: person, place, object, substance, idea.
- Adjective
- A word that describes a property; its form and position depend on the language.
- Pronoun
- A form used to refer to a participant or entity without repeating a full noun phrase.
- Determiner
- A word such as an article, demonstrative or possessive that helps specify a noun phrase.
- Verb
- A word heading a predicate, often describing an action, event or state.
- Conjugation
- A pattern of verb forms expressing grammatical distinctions such as person, tense or mood.
- Declension
- A pattern of noun, pronoun or adjective forms, often marking case, number and gender.
- Case
- A distinction marking a noun phrase’s grammatical role or its relationship to a governing word.
- Gender
- A grammatical classification of nouns; it need not match sex or have a transparent meaning.
- Agreement
- A form changes to match features of another expression, such as person, number, gender or case.
- Tense
- A grammatical way of locating a situation relative to a time of reference.
- Aspect
- How a situation is viewed: for example ongoing, habitual, completed or prior to a reference point.
- Mood
- A grammatical distinction associated with assertion, possibility, commands, wishes or other clause functions.
- Finite form
- A verb form that can serve as a clause’s main inflected verb, contrasting with infinitives and participles. The precise criteria vary by language.
- Participle
- A verb-derived form used in constructions such as modifiers, compound tenses or passives; its roles vary by language.
- Infinitive
- A nonfinite verb form in languages that have one; it is not automatically equivalent to English “to + verb”.
- Subject / object
- Grammatical relations in a clause, not universal synonyms for “doer” and “receiver”.
- Clitic
- A short grammatical form that depends phonologically on a neighboring word.
- Transitive
- Describes a verb construction that takes a direct object.
- Register
- A variety of expression associated with context, relationship or level of formality.
Nouns, gender & articles
- Singular nouns take de (common gender) or het (neuter). All plurals take de. An indefinite singular count noun takes een.
- Most plurals use -en or -s, with spelling changes that preserve vowel length. Diminutives are neuter and use het in the singular.
| Type | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| de noun | de tafel | de tafels |
| het noun | het huis | de huizen |
| long vowel spelling | de maan | de manen |
| short vowel spelling | de man | de mannen |
| diminutive | het boekje | de boekjes |
Worked examples
Het kleine huis heeft twee kamers.
The small house has two rooms.
How it works: Huis is neuter singular; kamers is plural and would take de if definite.
Being & having
Start with two irregular verbs: ik ben / heb, jij bent / hebt, hij or zij is / heeft, and wij, jullie or zij zijn / hebben.
Zij can mean “she” or “they”. The verb tells you which: zij is = she is; zij zijn = they are. U is the polite form of “you”: u bent; u hebt or u heeft.
Try it yourself
1 / 3 · 0 correctFill the gap with the correct form of zijn.
Ik ___ thuis.
All words · vocabulary quiz
1 / 173 · 0 correctChoose the English meaning.
hallo
Hallo, hoe gaat het?Hello, how are you?
Dank je wel voor de koffie.Thank you for the coffee.
Een koffie, alsjeblieft.A coffee, please.
Bedankt en tot ziens!Thanks and goodbye!
Vandaag leer ik Nederlands.Today I am learning Dutch.
Tot morgen!See you tomorrow!
Waar is het station?Where is the station?
De trein is laat.The train is late.
Mijn fiets staat hier.My bicycle is here.
Ik koop een kaartje.I am buying a ticket.
Het station is links.The station is on the left.
De winkel is rechts.The shop is on the right.
De koffie is lekker.The coffee tastes good.
Het water is koud.The water is cold.
Mag ik de rekening, alstublieft?May I have the bill, please?
Ik wil graag bestellen.I would like to order.
Kan ik hier betalen?Can I pay here?
Dat is lekker!That tastes good!
Ik begrijp het niet.I do not understand it.
Spreek je Engels?Do you speak English?
Kun je langzaam spreken?Can you speak slowly?
Kun je dat herhalen?Can you repeat that?
Ik leer Nederlands.I am learning Dutch.
Ik heb een vraag.I have a question.
nulzero · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
eenone · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
tweetwo · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
driethree · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
vierfour · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
vijffive · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
zessix · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
zevenseven · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
achteight · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
negennine · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
tienten · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
twintigtwenty · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
honderdone hundred · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
duizendone thousand · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het waterwater · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de koffiecoffee · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de theetea · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de melkmilk · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het broodbread · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de gekookte rijstcooked rice · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de noedelsnoodles · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de kipchicken (meat) · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het varkensvleespork · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het rundvleesbeef · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de visfish · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het eiegg · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de groentenvegetables · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het fruitfruit · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de pindapeanut · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de garnaalshrimp · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de suikersugar · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het zoutsalt · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het ijsice · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het bierbeer · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de wijnwine · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het ontbijtbreakfast · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de lunchlunch · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het avondetendinner · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de flesbottle · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de tasbag · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de bonreceipt · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
contant geldcash · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de opladercharger · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het paspoortpassport · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het kaartjeticket · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de sleutelkey · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de handdoektowel · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het toiletpapiertoilet paper · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het vliegveldairport · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de busbus · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de taxitaxi · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de treintrain · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het hotelhotel · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het ziekenhuishospital · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de apotheekpharmacy · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het toiletbathroom / toilet · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
maandagMonday · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
dinsdagTuesday · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
woensdagWednesday · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
donderdagThursday · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
vrijdagFriday · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
zaterdagSaturday · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
zondagSunday · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
de minuutminute · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
het uurhour · dictionary form; see Grammar for sentence forms.
Goedendag.Hello / good day
Dank u wel.Thank you
Pardon.Excuse me / sorry
Tot ziens.Goodbye
Spreekt u Engels?Do you speak English?
Ik begrijp het niet.I do not understand.
Kunt u langzamer spreken?Please speak more slowly.
Kunt u dat herhalen?Could you repeat that?
Kunt u het opschrijven?Please write it down.
Ik ben slechthorend.I am hard of hearing.
Waar is het toilet?Where is the bathroom?
Mag ik het toilet gebruiken?May I use the bathroom?
Er is geen toiletpapier.There is no toilet paper.
Een tafel voor één, alstublieft.A table for one, please.
Mag ik de menukaart?May I see the menu?
Deze, alstublieft.This one, please. (point)
Wat raadt u aan?What do you recommend?
Water, alstublieft.Water, please.
Een koffie, alstublieft.A coffee, please.
Zonder suiker, alstublieft.Without sugar, please.
Niet pittig, alstublieft.Not spicy, please.
Ik eet geen vlees.I do not eat meat.
Ik ben allergisch voor pinda’s.I have a peanut allergy.
Zit hier melk in?Does this contain milk?
Om mee te nemen, alstublieft.To take away, please.
Om hier op te eten.To eat here.
De rekening, alstublieft.The bill, please.
Hoeveel kost dit?How much is this?
Heeft u dit?Do you have this? (show an item)
Een tas, alstublieft.A bag, please.
Ik hoef geen tas.I do not need a bag.
Kunt u dit opwarmen?Could you heat this up?
Waar is de dichtstbijzijnde buurtwinkel?Where is the nearest convenience store / small grocery?
Hoe laat sluit u?What time do you close?
Kan ik met een kaart betalen?Can I pay by card?
Een bon, alstublieft.A receipt, please.
Waar is een geldautomaat?Where is an ATM?
Kunt u de prijs laten zien?Please show me the price.
Naar dit adres, alstublieft.Please take me to this address.
Hoeveel gaat het kosten?How much will it cost?
Hier stoppen, alstublieft.Stop here, please.
Waar is het station?Where is the station?
Een kaartje naar …, alstublieft.One ticket to …, please.
Gaat deze bus naar het vliegveld?Does this bus go to the airport?
Welk perron?Which platform?
Waar is de incheckbalie?Where is the check-in counter?
Waar is de gate?Where is the departure gate?
Mijn bagage is niet aangekomen.My luggage has not arrived.
Ik heb een aansluitende vlucht.I have a connecting flight.
Ik heb een reservering.I have a reservation.
Kan ik mijn bagage hier laten?Could I leave my luggage here?
De sleutel werkt niet.The key does not work.
Is er een rustigere kamer?Is there a quieter room?
Hoe laat moet ik uitchecken?What time is check-out?
Kunt u het op de kaart aanwijzen?Please show me on the map.
Kan ik erheen lopen?Can I walk there?
Hoe lang duurt het?How long does it take?
Kunt u mij helpen?Please help me.
Bel een ambulance, alstublieft.Please call an ambulance.
Bel de politie, alstublieft.Please call the police.
Ik heb een dokter nodig.I need a doctor.
Waar is de apotheek?Where is the pharmacy?
Mijn paspoort is weg.My passport is missing.
Wat is het wifiwachtwoord?What is the Wi-Fi password?
Mag ik mijn telefoon hier opladen?May I charge my phone here?
Ik heb een simkaart nodig.I need a SIM card.
Ja / neeYes / no
Alleen contantCash only
Open / geslotenOpen / closed
Ingang / uitgangEntrance / exit
Links / rechts / rechtdoorLeft / right / straight ahead
Vandaag / morgen / nuToday / tomorrow / now
Een ogenblik, alstublieft.Please wait a moment.
Uitverkocht / niet beschikbaarSold out / unavailable
Twee personen.Two people.
Water zonder prik, alstublieft.Still water, please.
Een lepel, alstublieft.A spoon, please.
Kunt u de ingrediënten controleren?Could you check the ingredients?
Waar is de bagageband?Where is baggage claim?
Hoe laat begint het instappen?What time does boarding start?
Een retourtje, alstublieft.A return ticket, please.
Moet ik overstappen?Do I need to change trains?
Nee, dank u.No, thank you.
Vertraagd / geannuleerdDelayed / cancelled
Between the words
Everyday meanings, tone, and situations. These examples focus on common usage in the Netherlands; usage also varies by region and speaker.
gezellig
Cozy, convivial, or pleasantly sociableUse it for an enjoyable atmosphere or time spent together. “Cozy” is a useful starting point, but does not cover every use.
Het was gezellig gisteren.
The best English translation changes with the setting. It does not just describe a room’s decoration.
Further reading: gezelligheid ↗Read the situation
1 / 10 · 0 correctAfter a relaxed evening with friends, someone says “Het was gezellig.” What do they mean?