AUWEN Field Notes

Start with a consistent model

Taiwan Mandarin, with Standard Putonghua contrasts. The transcriptions are broad teaching models unless a phonetic detail is explicitly identified. Dialect and context can change the surface pronunciation.

Work in order: identify the vowels and consonants → apply the reading rules → add timing and pitch → practise complete words and phrases. Where ordinary spelling leaves information out, learn that information with the word.

New to IPA or mouth-position terminology?

Read the notation before practising

Letters appear in ⟨angle brackets⟩, contrastive sounds in /slashes/, and a particular pronunciation in [brackets]. IPA is a sound alphabet: /j/ is the glide at the start of yes, never automatically the English sound in jet. ˈ marks the start of a stressed syllable; ˌ marks secondary stress; . is a syllable boundary; ː means long; ʰ means a puff of aspiration; ʲ means a simultaneous raised front tongue; ʷ means rounded lips; ̃ above a vowel means nasal airflow. An apostrophe in a language’s spelling can represent a glottal stop, an ejective, a boundary, or something else: consult its chapter. Broad transcriptions deliberately omit predictable detail. They are not acoustic measurements.

Find the places in your mouth

The alveolar ridge is the bump behind the upper front teeth. The hard palate is the firm roof farther back; the soft palate is the flexible rear roof; the uvula hangs behind it. Bilabial sounds use both lips; labiodental sounds use bottom lip and upper teeth; dental sounds use the teeth; alveolar sounds use the ridge; postalveolar sounds use the area just behind it; palatal sounds use the middle tongue against the hard palate; velar sounds use the tongue back against the soft palate. Retroflex means the tongue tip is drawn back; it does not require extreme curling. Pharyngeal sounds narrow the throat below the tongue root. Start gently; throat pain is a reason to stop and reset, not evidence of success.

Separate closure, friction and voicing

Stops briefly seal airflow, then release it: /p t k/. Fricatives maintain a narrow noisy opening: /f s x/. Affricates begin with closure and release into friction at roughly the same place: /tʃ/. Nasals close the mouth path but open the nose path: /m n ŋ/. Approximants narrow without sustained friction: /w j/. A tap /ɾ/ touches once; a trill /r/ lets airflow produce repeated contacts. A lateral /l/ lets air around the sides of the tongue. Put two fingertips lightly on your throat and alternate /ssss/ and /zzzz/: vibration helps distinguish voicing. Do not press on the throat or force a trill.

Aspiration is not voicing

Hold a light strip of tissue in front of your lips. Compare the p in English pin and spin: the first usually produces a stronger puff. Practise /pa pʰa ba/ as three separate targets. In Mandarin, Korean, Hindi and several other languages, English spelling b versus p gives a misleading model. Aspiration is a delay before the following vowel starts voicing; a voiced consonant uses vocal-fold vibration. A breathy voiced consonant combines voicing with extra airflow. An ejective compresses air above a closed glottis; it is neither an ordinary aspirated stop nor simply a louder consonant.

Build vowels with tongue position and lips

For /i/, bring the tongue high and forward without closing the air passage. Open gradually through /e ɛ a/. Move the tongue back for /ɑ ɔ o u/. Lip rounding is a separate choice: hold the tongue of /i/ while rounding to reach /y/; round /e/ for /ø/ and /ɛ/ for /œ/. For /ɯ/, use the tongue position of /u/ with unrounded lips. Central /ə/ is a relaxed mid vowel, but it is not the correct substitute for every unfamiliar vowel. Keep a pure vowel steady; an English-style glide at the end changes /e/ into something closer to /eɪ/. Use a mirror for lips and jaw; the tongue position still needs listening and feedback.

Length, stress and tone are different dimensions

Length changes duration, stress makes a syllable prominent, and tone changes pitch. Practise the same vowel at two durations while keeping pitch steady, then at two pitches while keeping duration steady. A mora is a timing unit: a Japanese long vowel uses two moras even within one syllable. A long consonant holds its closure or friction; do not insert a vowel between two written consonants. Tone numbers use 1 for low and 5 for high relative to your own comfortable speaking range. 35 rises; 51 falls. These are teaching targets, not musical notes. Questions and emotion can shift the whole pitch range without erasing lexical contrasts.

Vowels

Written form	IPA / reading	What to do
a o e	a o ɤ	Pinyin e alone is usually a back unrounded vowel, not English e.
i u ü	i u y	ü is front rounded; j/q/x + written u still means ü.
ai ei ao ou	ai ei au ou	Read as whole finals.
an en ang eng ong	an ən aŋ əŋ ʊŋ	Keep n and ng distinct.
ia ie iao iu; ua uo uai ui	ja jɛ jau jou; wa wo wai wei	iu abbreviates iou, ui abbreviates uei; their full vowel shape matters.
ian in iang ing iong; uan un uang ueng; üe üan ün	jɛn in jaŋ iŋ jʊŋ; wan wən waŋ wəŋ; ɥɛ ɥɛn yn	After j/q/x/y, u-series spellings may represent ü-series finals.
i after z/c/s, zh/ch/sh/r	syllabic apical realizations	Not the /i/ of mi; keep the tongue near the preceding consonant position. er is r-colored.

Consonants

Written form	IPA / reading	What to do
b p d t g k	p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ	Contrast aspiration, not English voiced b/d/g versus unvoiced stops.
j q x	tɕ tɕʰ ɕ	Front tongue raised; j/q are affricates and x is friction.
zh ch sh r	ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʂ ɻ/ʐ	Tongue drawn back; often less retroflex in Taiwan.
z c s	ts tsʰ s	c is aspirated /tsʰ/, never English k.
m n ng l f h	m n ŋ l f x	ng normally a final; h is back friction.
y w	orthographic glides	Zero-initial spelling conventions; not independent English-style consonants in every case.

Spelling → sound

Tones

First: high level 55. Second: rising 35. Third: low 21 in many nonfinal contexts, fuller 214 when carefully isolated. Fourth: falling 51. Neutral tone is short with pitch shaped by the preceding tone. These are relative targets; Taiwan contours and neutral-tone distribution differ from Beijing.

Tone changes

Before another third tone, a third tone surfaces with a rising contour: nǐ hǎo → ní hǎo. Longer third-tone strings depend on phrasing. 不 bù becomes bú before a fourth tone. 一 yī commonly becomes yí before a fourth tone and yì before first/second/third tones, with citation/counting and other exceptions.

Zhuyin and Pinyin

ㄅㄆ correspond to b/p, ㄓㄔㄕ to zh/ch/sh, ㄐㄑㄒ to j/q/x, ㄩ to ü. Zhuyin normally leaves first tone unmarked, uses ˊ ˇ ˋ for tones 2–4, and a dot for neutral; Pinyin normally marks first tone with a macron. For full readings use the writing chart as well.

Stress, tone & timing

Keep each syllable’s tone category while grouping words naturally. A third tone is not obligatorily a deep dip-and-rise in every sentence. Final n/ng and aspiration deserve as much practice as tone. Written characters normally omit pronunciation entirely; readings must be supplied.

In a sentence

Practise two-syllable tone combinations before long sentences. Questions often use particles; do not replace every word’s lexical tone with an English question rise. Neutral syllables become shorter and lighter, but Taiwan often retains full tones where Beijing neutralizes.

Recognize other varieties

Taiwan Mandarin often has weaker retroflexion, different lexical readings and less extensive neutral tone or erhua. Keep those distinctions explicit. Traditional versus simplified characters do not by themselves specify accent.

Worked practice

Say the written example before revealing its reading. Isolate the stated contrast, repeat it in a mixed order, then use it in a short phrase. A syllable drill is labeled when it is not a lexical word.

媽

mother, mā

Reading & articulation

[ma˥]

Level tone.

麻

hemp, má

Reading & articulation

[ma˧˥]

Rising tone.

馬

horse, mǎ

Reading & articulation

[ma˨˩˦]

Citation third tone.

罵

scold, mà

Reading & articulation

[ma˥˩]

Falling tone.

女

woman, nǚ

Reading & articulation

[ny˨˩˦]

Front rounded vowel.

你好

hello, nǐ hǎo

Reading & articulation

[ni˧˥ xau˨˩˦]

Third-tone sandhi.

A repeatable ten-minute session

Two minutes: one mouth gesture from the sound tables, without a word.
Three minutes: alternate a contrast from the examples; keep other features unchanged.
Three minutes: read words, then a short sentence from language practice. Mark stress, tone or length before speaking.
Two minutes: record yourself on your device, compare one feature at a time, and note what needs another attempt.

Written answers check your analysis. They cannot listen to or grade your pronunciation. Device speech is supplementary; native-speaker feedback and recordings in the stated variety remain the best way to check fine detail.

Check your reasoning

1. Why is ju not pronounced with /u/?

Show the explanation

After j/q/x the two dots of ü are omitted in Pinyin; the vowel remains front rounded.

2. How is nǐ pronounced before hǎo?

Show the explanation

With a rising surface tone in this two-third-tone sequence.

3. Does third tone always rise at the end?

Show the explanation

No; a low realization is common outside citation or suitable phrase-final contexts.

Transfer to an unfamiliar word

Take five new words from the vocabulary page. Mark every letter group, syllable boundary, stress/tone/length cue and contextual change. Identify anything the spelling leaves unspecified. Read them in a phrase, then compare with a reliable model. If you cannot explain a reading, return to that rule rather than memorizing an English approximation.

Sound key & references

Open the IPA articulation key

i ɪ	High front unrounded; /ɪ/ is a little lower and more central. Keep /i/ steady rather than adding /j/.
e ɛ	Front unrounded mid vowels. /e/ has a higher tongue and smaller jaw opening than /ɛ/.
æ a ɑ	Open vowels: /æ/ is front and slightly higher, /a/ open front/central, /ɑ/ open back.
y ʏ	High front rounded: keep the tongue near /i/ or /ɪ/ and round the lips.
ø œ	Mid front rounded: round /e/ for /ø/, /ɛ/ for /œ/.
ɨ ɯ	High unrounded: /ɨ/ central, /ɯ/ back. Do not substitute a rounded /u/.
ʉ u ʊ	High rounded: /ʉ/ central, /u/ back, /ʊ/ somewhat lower and more central.
ɤ o ɔ	Mid back: /ɤ/ unrounded, /o/ close-mid rounded, /ɔ/ open-mid rounded.
ə ɜ ɐ ʌ	Central mid /ə/, more open /ɜ/, near-open /ɐ/, and open-mid back/central unrounded /ʌ/. Exact placement depends on the language.
p b	Seal both lips and release. /p/ voiceless; /b/ voiced. Aspiration is shown separately.
t d	Seal at the teeth or ridge as specified by the language; /t/ voiceless, /d/ voiced.
k ɡ q	Raise the tongue back for /k ɡ/; /q/ closes farther back at the uvula.
ʔ	Briefly close the vocal folds: the interruption between the two parts of a deliberate uh-oh. Do not add /h/.
f v	Bottom lip touches upper teeth; /f/ voiceless, /v/ voiced.
θ ð	Light contact near the front teeth with continuing airflow; /θ/ voiceless, /ð/ voiced.
s z	Narrow grooved passage near the ridge; /s/ voiceless, /z/ voiced.
ʃ ʒ	Friction behind the ridge; often some lip rounding. /ʃ/ voiceless, /ʒ/ voiced.
ɕ ʑ	Friction with the front tongue raised close to the hard palate; narrower and more forward than many English sh sounds.
ʂ ʐ	Tongue tip drawn back for retroflex friction. Do not insert a separate /r/.
ç ʝ	Front tongue close to the hard palate; /ç/ voiceless and /ʝ/ voiced.
x ɣ χ ʁ	Friction at soft palate /x ɣ/, farther back near uvula /χ ʁ/. The voiced forms can be weak approximants.
ħ ʕ	Pharyngeal narrowing; /ħ/ voiceless, /ʕ/ voiced. Different from /h/ and from a glottal stop.
h ɦ	Open glottal airflow, voiceless /h/ or breathy voiced /ɦ/, shaped by the adjacent vowel.
ɸ β	Friction between both lips, without upper teeth touching the lower lip.
ɬ ɮ	Tongue tip contacts the ridge while air escapes noisily around the sides; voiceless /ɬ/, voiced /ɮ/.
tʃ dʒ ts dz tɕ	A single closure-and-friction gesture, not two syllables. Keep the release at the indicated fricative position.
ʈ ɖ	Retroflex stops: tongue tip farther back than /t d/. Contact and release without a following r.
c ɟ	Palatal stops: front/middle tongue closes against the hard palate. Not simply English ch and j.
m n ŋ ɲ ɳ ɴ	Nasal airflow with closures respectively at lips, ridge, soft palate, hard palate, retroflex area, or uvula. /ŋ/ need not include /ɡ/.
l ɫ ʎ	Lateral airflow: /l/ tongue tip at ridge; /ɫ/ adds raised/retracted tongue back; /ʎ/ uses palatal contact.
ɾ r ɹ ɻ	One tap /ɾ/, repeated airflow-driven contacts /r/, no-contact approximant /ɹ/, retroflex approximant /ɻ/.
j w ɥ ʋ	Glides: /j/ tongue near /i/; /w/ near /u/ with rounding; /ɥ/ near /y/; /ʋ/ lower lip approaches upper teeth without strong friction.
ː ̆ ̃ ̥ ̩	Long, extra-short, nasalized, voiceless, syllabic. /n̩/ forms a syllable without an extra vowel.
ʰ ʲ ʷ ˤ ʼ	Aspiration, palatalization, labialization, pharyngealization, ejective release. These modify the preceding sound.
ˈ ˌ . \|	Primary stress, secondary stress, syllable boundary, phrase boundary. Pitch/tone marks follow each chapter’s convention.

Further reading and model background: Lee & Zee (2003), Standard Chinese (Beijing), with Taiwan scope distinguished; Taiwan Ministry of Education Zhuyin resources.

Written guide updated 2026-09-19. References differ in dialect, transcription detail and access to recordings; compare the named model rather than assuming every source describes the same accent.

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